Chip stack structures that implement two-phase cooling with radial flow

ABSTRACT

A package structure to implement two-phase cooling includes a chip stack disposed on a substrate, and a package lid that encloses the chip stack. The chip stack includes a plurality of conjoined chips, a central inlet manifold formed through a central region of the chip stack, and a peripheral outlet manifold. The central input manifold includes inlet nozzles to feed liquid coolant into flow cavities formed between adjacent conjoined chips. The peripheral outlet manifold outputs heated liquid and vapor from the flow cavities. The package lid includes a central coolant supply inlet aligned to the central inlet manifold, and a peripheral liquid-vapor outlet to output heated liquid and vapor that exits from the peripheral outlet manifold. Guiding walls may be included in the flow cavities to guide a flow of liquid and vapor, and the guiding walls can be arranged to form radial flow channels that are feed by different inlet nozzles of the central inlet manifold.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/015,063, filed on Aug. 30, 2013, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/762,021, filed on Feb. 7, 2013, andU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/694,985, filed on Aug. 30,2012, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The field generally relates to structures and methods for coolingthree-dimensional (3D) chip packages and, in particular, 3D chip stackshaving integrated cooling structures with a central inlet manifold toimplement two-phase cooling with radial flow.

BACKGROUND

In general, it is important to cool semiconductor chips, such asprocessor chip, to maintain reliable operation and prevent thermaldamage to electronic components. It is more problematic and difficult toimplement effective mechanisms for cooling 3D chip stacks as compared tosingular chips, and the ability to efficiently cool a chip stack canlimit the height and total power of a chip stack. Common coolingtechniques for chip stacks include the use of high-performance watercooling systems on a backside of the chip stack, but this technique isnot adequate for a stack structure with many chips or a chip stackhaving a high-power chip on a bottom of the stack. While a water-cooledthermal interposer can be used at the bottom of the chip stack, thisstructure is difficult to integrate and requires isolation of thrusilicon vias (TSVs) from the liquid coolant that is used. If adielectric fluid is used as the coolant, isolation of the TSVs is notrequired. With single phase cooling, the performance of dielectricfluids is inferior to water.

Other cooling techniques include two-phase cooling in which a liquidcoolant having a relatively low boiling point is used (e.g., liquidwhich evaporates at an operating temperature of the chips being used).With two-phase cooling in closed channels, the heated liquid evaporatesto create an annular flow wherein a thin liquid film (evaporation layer)is present on the surfaces being cooled, and heated evaporated coolantflows through confined channels outlet ports. With this cooling process,the latent heat of the liquid coolant is typically much larger than thespecific heat of the fluid times the typical temperature increase of theliquid coolant. As such, as compared to pure liquid cooling techniques,two-phase cooling can provide greater cooling ability using a much lowervolume of coolant fluid, lower coolant mass flow rates and loweroperating pressure. Advantages of two-phase cooling include the abilityto select the boiling temperature of the coolant or use an expansionvalve for refrigeration.

However, it is very difficult and problematic to control two-phase flowthrough microchannels or other manifold structures that are typicallyused for two-phase cooling systems. Indeed, a two-phase flow tends to beunstable and can vary in the same or different regions of a microchannelor manifold structure. Moreover, the increased volume of the vapor phaseresults in high vapor velocity causing substantial pressure drops andpotentially disrupts the thin evaporation layer on the channel walls,leading to local dry out (i.e., dewetting of surfaces to be cooled).

SUMMARY

In general, embodiments of the invention include chip package structureshaving integrated cooling structures to implement two phase cooling withradial liquid-vapor flow. In one embodiment of the invention, a packagestructure includes a chip stack disposed on a substrate, and a packagelid which covers and encloses the chip stack. The chip stack includes aplurality of conjoined chips, a central inlet manifold formed through acentral region of the chip stack, and a peripheral outlet manifold. Thecentral input manifold includes a plurality of inlet nozzles to feedliquid coolant from the central input manifold into flow cavities formedbetween adjacent conjoined chips in the chip stack. The peripheraloutlet manifold is formed by the flow cavities around a periphery of thechip stack to output heated liquid and vapor which exits from the flowcavities. The package lid includes a central inlet that is aligned tothe central inlet manifold of the chip stack to supply liquid coolant tothe central inlet manifold, and a peripheral liquid-vapor outlet that isaligned to an interior region of the package lid which collects theheated liquid and vapor that is output from the peripheral outletmanifold of the chip stack.

In another embodiment of the invention, the flow cavity formed between afirst and second chip in the chip stack includes guiding walls that arearranged to guide a flow of liquid and vapor. In one embodiment, theguiding walls are arranged to form radial flow channels that are fed bydifferent inlet nozzles of the central inlet manifold.

These and other embodiments of the invention will be described or becomeapparent from the following detailed description of embodiments, whichis to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a chip package havingintegrated cooling structures to implement two phase cooling with radialliquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a stack of conjoined chipshaving a central feed inlet manifold and radial flow cavity structuresformed between pairs of conjoined chips to implement two phase coolingwith radial liquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates method for bonding two chipsback-to-back to form radial flow cavities and guiding structures fortwo-phase cooling, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates one quadrant of an arrangement of guiding structuresthat form radial flow channels for implementing two phase cooling withradial liquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of guiding structures that form radialchannels for implementing two phase cooling with radial liquid-vaporflow, according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a system for cooling a hot spot region of a chip in achip package structure that implements two phase cooling with radialliquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of chip packages having integrated coolingstructures to implement two phase cooling with radial liquid-vapor flowwill now be discussed in further detail with initial reference to FIGS.1, 2, and 3. It is to be understood that the various layers, regions,and structures shown in the accompanying drawings are not drawn toscale. Moreover, the same or similar reference numbers used throughoutthe drawings are used to denote the same or similar features, elements,or structures, and thus, a detailed explanation of the same or similarfeatures, elements, or structures will not be repeated for each of thedrawings.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a chip package 100 havingintegrated cooling structures for implementing two phase cooling withradial liquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of the invention.More specifically, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates one quadrant of achip package 100 comprising a substrate 110 (e.g., ceramic substrate)and a stack of conjoined chips 120 (chip stack), which is electricallyconnected and bonded to the substrate 110 via an array of solder balls112 (e.g. micro BGA or C4). The chip package 100 further comprises apackage lid 130 having plurality of inlet and outlet ports including acentral inlet 132, a peripheral liquid-vapor outlet 134, and an optionalhot spot feed inlet 136.

As further shown in FIG. 1, the chip stack 120 comprises a central inletmanifold 122 that is aligned to the central inlet 132 of the package lid130. In one embodiment of the invention, the central inlet manifold 122is a 2 mm diameter bore that is formed through a center region of eachchip (except the bottom chip) in the chip stack 120. An external sourceof liquid coolant supplies liquid coolant through the central inlet 132of the package lid 130 into the central inlet manifold 122 of the chipstack 120. A plurality of inlet nozzles 124 are formed along thesidewall of the central inlet manifold 122 of the chip stack 120. Theinlet nozzles 124 are flow restrictions for feeding liquid coolant intoflow cavities that are formed between pairs of conjoined chips in thechip stack 120. As the liquid coolant flows thought the radial flowcavities, the liquid evaporates resulting in annular flow or other flowpatterns. The heated liquid/vapor exits out from the radial flowcavities at the peripheral sidewalls around the chip stack 120, andflows into an output manifold region 126 within a peripheral interiorregion of the package lid 130. The heated liquid/vapor exits out throughthe peripheral liquid-vapor outlet 134.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate details of radial flow cavities formed betweenpairs of conjoined chips in the chip stack 120. For example, FIG. 2 isan exploded perspective view of a stack of conjoined chips having acentral feed inlet manifold and radial flow cavity structures formedbetween pairs of conjoined chips, according to an embodiment of theinvention. In particular, FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the chipstack 120 shown in FIG. 1, wherein the chip stack 120 comprises fourpairs P1, P2, P3, and P4 of conjoined chips T1/T2, T3/T4, T5/T6, andT7/T8, respectively. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective illustration of abonding interface between the pair P4 of chips T7 and T8. Moreover, FIG.3 schematically illustrates method for bonding two chips back-to-back toform radial flow cavities and guiding structures for two-phase cooling,according to an embodiment of the invention. In particular, FIG. 3 showsare portion of the bonding interface between backside surfaces of thepair P4 of chips T7 and T8 shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, radial flow cavities are formed by bondingthe backside (inactive) surfaces of the chips T7 and T8 together, withone or more guiding walls 200 interposed between the backside surfacesto confine the flow of liquid-vapor coolant in different regions of thechip area as the coolant flows from the inlet nozzles 124 to the outletmanifold 126. In particular, the chip T7 has a backside surface 203, anda plurality of TSVs 205 formed through the chip T7 to a front side(active) surface 207 of the chip T7. Similarly, the chip T8 has abackside surface 204, and a plurality of TSVs 206 formed through thechip T8 to a front side (active) surface 208 of the chip T8. The arrayof TSVs 205 formed in the backside surface 203 of the chip T7 arealigned to the array of TSVs 206 formed in the backside surface 204 ofthe chip T8 so the chip pair P4 can be bonded together using suitablesolder ball connections 300 and provide electrical interconnects betweencomponents on the active surfaces 207 and 208 of the chips T7 and T8. Asfurther shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, an array of micro solder balls 210 isused to connect the front side surfaces chips in adjacent chip pairsmechanically bond the chip pairs P1, P2, P3, P3 together in a stackstructure, and provide electrical connections between adjacent chippairs. For example, as illustrated by FIGS. 2 and 3, the array of microsolder balls 210 provides bonding and electrical connections between theactive surface of the chips T7 and T6.

Furthermore, in one embodiment of the invention, in regions of thebackside surface silicon between the TSVs 205, 206, channels 203-1 and204-1 are formed in the backside silicon surfaces 203 and 204 of thechips T7 and T8, respectively, to provide greater area/volume for theflow of liquid coolant/vapor, and allow the coolant/vapor to be incloser proximity to the active components in front side surfaces 207 and208 which generate heat. In one embodiment of the invention, a 120 μmhigh fluid cavity can be achieved using 70 μm high solder balls 300 (150μm pitch) and two 50 μm thick Si (silicon) chips with 25 μm deepchannels.

Guiding walls can be provided to direct and control the flow of theliquid and vapor. The guiding walls can be formed of various materialssuch as polymer material (e.g., SU8), metallic material, or incombination with etching channels around the guiding walls in thebackside silicon surfaces of the chips. As shown in FIG. 2, the guidingwall 200 may be formed by a first portion 201 formed on the backsidesurface 203 of the chip T7 and a second portion 202 formed on thebackside surface 204 of the chip T8, wherein the first and secondportions 201 and 202 are aligned and bonded together when conjoining thechips T7 and T8. The height of the guiding wall structure 200 should beless than or equal to the joined height of micro solder ball 300.Although FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate a single guiding wall 200 formedbetween the chip pair P4 in one quadrant of the chip stack 120, variousarrangement and structures of guiding walls can be formed depending onthe give application, details of which will be explained below withreference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

For instance, FIG. 4 illustrates one quadrant of an arrangement ofguiding structures that form radial channels for implementing two phasecooling with radial liquid-vapor flow, according to an embodiment of theinvention. In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates a hierarchical arrangementof radial flow channels 400 formed by a plurality of guiding wallstructures in one quadrant of the interface between two chip pairs,according to an embodiment of the invention. The hierarchicalarrangement of radial flow channels 400 comprises a plurality of radialflow channels C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 that begin at a central inletmanifold 122. The plurality of radial flow channels C1, C2, C3, C4, andC5 are defined in part by guiding walls 401, 402, 403, 404, 405 and 406.A plurality of inlet nozzles 412, 413, 414, 415 and 416 feed liquidcoolant into the radial flow channels C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5,respectively.

As further shown in FIG. 4, at some radial distance R from the centerpoint of the central input manifold 122, each radial flow channel C1,C2, C3, C4, and C5 is further divided into two separate radial flowchannels C1A/C1B, C2A/C2B, C3A/C3B, C4A/C4B, and C5A/C5B, respectively.A plurality of second inlet nozzles 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423,424, 425 and 426 feed coolant/vapor into the sub-radial flow channelsC1A, C1B, C2A, C2B, C3A, C3B, C4A, C4B, C5A, and C5B, respectively. Thenumber of hierarchy levels could be extended and is not limited to two.Also shown in FIG. 4 is an array of micro solder balls 300, which incombination with TSVs provide electrical interconnects between the chipsin the stack.

FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of guiding structures that form radialflow channels for implementing two-phase cooling with radialliquid-vapor flow, according to another embodiment of the invention. Inparticular, FIG. 5 illustrates a hierarchical arrangement of radial flowchannels 500 formed by a plurality of guiding wall structures in anentire region (4 quadrants) of an interface between two chip pairs,according to an embodiment of the invention. The hierarchicalarrangement of radial flow channels 500 comprises a plurality of radialflow channels similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 4.However, in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the initial radial flow channelsare divided into two radial flow channels as some radial distance R fromthe center point of the central input manifold 122, and further dividedinto two more radial flow channels as some radial distance 2R from thecenter point of the central manifold 122, and then further divided oncemore into two radial flow channels as some radial distance 4R from thecenter point of the central input manifold 122.

With a radial flow configuration as depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, forexample, there is an expanding cross sectional area along the radialflow channels (wherein the channel width increases proportional to thecircumference, which scales with the radius), which results in areduction of vapor-liquid acceleration, compared to straight channels.This reduction in vapor-liquid acceleration, in turn, reduces pressuredrops and improves the critical heat flux. A benefit of a branchingradial flow channel network is that the flow speed (and pressure drop)is reduced as the channel cross-section increases, thus maintaining anannular regime with a relatively thick evaporating film along surfacesof the radial flow cavities. The guiding walls with the nozzles resultin a stable flow condition and prevents by-passing of refrigerant ofhigh heat flux areas. The guiding walls (in combination with the inletnozzles) allow the modulation of refrigerant mass flow towardsrespective channels.

Moreover, the inlet nozzles are designed to prevent backflow and helpequalize the flow between different zones. For example, one risk is thata dry-out can occur near corner regions of the chips because theflow-length from the center point of the central inlet manifold along adiagonal to a corner of the chip is longer than a line towards a side ofthe chip. In one embodiment of the invention, this is compensated byusing larger cross-section/mass flux inlet nozzles to feed radial flowchannels that point along these diagonal directions towards the chipcorners, as compared to the inlet nozzles that feed the radial flowchannels that point toward the sides of the chips.

For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the radial flow channel C3 is directedtowards a corner of the chip, whereas the radial flow channel C5 isdirected towards a side of the chip. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the inletnozzle 414 that feeds the radial flow channel C3 is larger incross-section (hydraulic radius) than that of the inlet nozzle 416 thatfeeds the radial flow channel C5. Similarly, the inlet nozzles 421 and422 that feed the sub radial flow channels C3A and C3B, respectively,are larger in cross-section than that of the inlet nozzles 425 and 426that feed the sub radial flow channels C5A and C5B. In one embodiment ofthe invention, the inlet nozzles that feed the radial flow channelsalong the diagonal are about 9% larger than those inlet nozzles thatfeed the radial flow channels that point toward the sides of the chip.

In one embodiment of the invention, the inlet nozzles are formed usingthe same material as the guiding walls, e.g., using a layer of polymermaterial or metallic material that is formed on surfaces of the chips.In this embodiment, the opening sizes of the inlet nozzles can be variedby adjusting the lateral distance between the sides of the inlet nozzleopenings (as shown in FIG. 4), as the vertical distance between theupper and lower surfaces of the conjoined chips is fixed. In anotherembodiment, the inlet nozzles are formed/patterned by etching thesurfaces of the chips. In this embodiment, the opening sizes of theinlet nozzles can be varied by adjusting the vertical depth of the etchto adjust the distance between the upper and lower sides of the inletnozzle openings, as the lateral distance of the inlet nozzles betweeninput edges of the guiding walls is fixed.

In other embodiments of the invention, radial flow channels may bepatterned or textured to reduce superheat. Moreover, the radial flowchannels may be varied in size to correspond with different powerdensities by chip layer or location on a given chip. In anotherembodiment, a channel width of a radial branching channel network can bemodulated to specifically direct liquid coolant/refrigerant to hot spotlocations. A flow channel network could be designed to focus multiplechannels to hot spot locations.

In other embodiments of the invention, the interface between a pair ofchips may not include any guiding wall structures, and simply include apin array of micro solder bumps 300 with etched flow cavities (e.g.,eliminate the guiding wall 200 shown in FIG. 2). With this embodiment,the liquid coolant will flow through the inlet nozzles 124 into theinterior flow regions around the central inlet manifold 122, and simplyflow towards the sides of the chips and exit out to the output manifoldregions 126. However, a problem with a pin-fin array and sparse or notguiding structures is that the mainstream may follow a shortest pathfrom the central inlet manifold 122 to the peripheral output manifoldregion 126, which results in less than optimal cooling along longerpaths. Moreover, the existence of hot spot regions could result in dryout at some region of the coolant path due to the higher heat flux.Without guiding walls to direct the coolant flow towards hot spots,these regions may not be adequately cooled. For this reason, optimalcooling can be achieved with symmetrically branching radial flowchannels that have a cross section that corresponds with an overallpath-length and/or integrated power dissipated along the path.

As shown in FIG. 1, an optional local feed inlet 136 can be implementedto locally inject liquid coolant directly to a hot spot region of achip, to prevent local dry out at hot spot locations, or a change invapor quality and hence flow regime. FIG. 6 illustrates a system 600 forcooling a hot spot region of a chip in a chip package structure thatimplements two phase cooling with radial liquid-vapor flow, according toan embodiment of the invention. The system generally includes areservoir 602 for feeding liquid coolant to the central inlet 132 andthe local feed inlet 136 via a valve device 604 that is used to modulatethe injected refrigerant mass flow. Currently, most two-phase cooledsystems are operated without measurement of the vapor quality becausethese measurements are very difficult and may require opticalrecognition of bubbles. The thermodynamic equilibrium quality isestimated based on the assumption that the liquid and vapor phases aresaturated and the liquid enthalpy is calculated by carrying out anenergy balance. It is unsafe to cool high-power devices with vaporqualities>0.6. To render a high vapor quality system stable, the massflux should be tuned to the power of the chip stack. In accordance withan embodiment of the invention, this is achieved by a global dosingvalve that is controlled using a feedback loop from a set of sensorsthat monitor the temperature difference between a central and peripheralarea.

A high local temperature gradient along the flux direction and temporalinstabilities is the sign of a local dry-out and requires an increase inmass flux. A safe operation requires very fast thermal sensors that canbe implemented using Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) on chips.The benefit of the lateral gradient measurement is that an imminentdry-out can be detected before any harm is done on the electronics. Anarray of temperature sensors can be disposed along the flow path alongwith some electronics that interprets temperature gradients toindirectly measure vapor quality.

Although exemplary embodiments have been described herein with referenceto the accompanying drawings for purposes of illustration, it is to beunderstood that the present invention is not limited to those preciseembodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may beaffected herein by one skilled in the art without departing from thescope of the invention.

We claim:
 1. A method, comprising: supplying liquid coolant into acentral inlet manifold formed through a central region of a chip stack,the chip stack comprising a plurality of conjoined chips disposed on asubstrate; feeding liquid coolant into flow channels that are formedbetween pairs of conjoined chips in the chip stack, wherein the liquidcoolant is fed into the flow channels through inlet nozzles formed alonga sidewall of the central inlet manifold of the chip stack; andcollecting heated liquid vapor that exits out from output ports of theflow channels around an outer periphery of the chip stack.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein supplying liquid coolant into the central inletmanifold of the chip stack comprises: placing a package lid over thechip stack, wherein the package lid covers and encloses the chip stackand contacts the substrate around the outer periphery of the chip stackto define a peripheral output manifold region within an interior regionof the package lid which surrounds the outer periphery of the chipstack; and supplying the liquid coolant through a central inlet of thepackage lid, wherein the central inlet is aligned to the central inletmanifold of the chip stack to supply liquid coolant to the central inletmanifold.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein collecting the heated liquidvapor comprises collecting the heated liquid vapor though a peripheraloutlet of the package lid, wherein the peripheral outlet of the packagelid is aligned to the peripheral output manifold region within theinterior region of the package lid.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising forming the inlet nozzles along the sidewall of the centralinlet manifold of the chip stack to have different sizes, wherein aninlet nozzle facing towards a corner region of the chip stack is largerthan an inlet nozzle facing towards a side of the chip stack.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the flow channels comprise radial flowchannels that are defined by forming a radial arrangement of guidingwalls in spaces between the pairs of conjoined chips in the chip stack,wherein the guiding walls extend in a radial direction between thecentral inlet manifold of the chip stack and the outer periphery of thechip stack to guide a flow of liquid and vapor in the radial direction.6. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming the guiding wallsand inlet nozzles on the surfaces of the chips using a layer of polymermaterial or metallic material.
 7. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising forming the guiding walls and inlet nozzles by etchingsurfaces of the chips to pattern the guiding walls and inlet nozzles. 8.The method of claim 5, further comprising arranging one or more of theguiding walls to guide a flow of coolant and vapor towards a hot spotregion in a given region of the chip stack.
 9. The method of claim 5,further comprising arranging one or more of the guiding walls to directcoolant flow to a given zone in proportion to a total power density ofthe given zone or a cooling requirement.
 10. The method of claim 5,further comprising arranging the guiding walls to form radial flowchannels that are feed by different inlet nozzles of the central inletmanifold.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a cross-sectional area ofan inlet nozzle feeding a radial flow channel that extends towards acorner of the chip stack is greater than a cross-sectional area of aninlet nozzle feeding a radial flow channel that extends toward a side ofthe chip stack.
 12. The method of claim 5, further comprising arrangingthe guiding walls to form a hierarchical arrangement of radial flowchannels.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein in the hierarchicalarrangement of radial flow channels, a given radial flow channel isdivided into at least two separate radial flow channels at some radialdistance from a center point of the central input manifold of the chipstack, wherein each of the two separate radial flow channels are feed bydifferent inlet nozzles that are formed in the given radial flowchannel.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising supplying liquidcoolant to a target region of the chip stack through a local inputmanifold of the chip stack.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein targetregion comprises a hot spot of the chip stack.
 16. The method of claim14, further comprising controllably supplying the liquid coolant to thetarget region of the chip stack to modulate a local vapor quality at thetarget region.
 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming thechip stack by conjoining adjacent chips in the chip stack using microsolder ball connections.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the flowchannels are defined, at least in part, by a space between surfaces oftwo adjacent chips in the chip stack that are conjoined back to backusing the micro solder ball connections.
 19. The method of claim 18,wherein the flow channels are further defined, at least in part, byetched channels that are formed in the surfaces of the two adjacentchips.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein at least some of the microsolder ball connections provide electrical connections betweenthrough-silicon vias that are formed in the conjoined adjacent chips.